The Sample Is About Thanking A Mathematics Professor For His Support - 275 Words

The Sample Is About Thanking A Mathematics Professor For His Support (Essay Sample) Content: Thank you letterNameInstitution2nd December 2017Professor Rodriguez BrownDepartment of mathematicsUniversity of California.Dear Sir,Thank you for believing in me and always encouraging me to work hard to improve my performance in mathematics.Mathematics has been my biggest challenge in school and you have always encouraged me to put more efforts and never give up. Despite the fact that mathematics is the most difficult subject you kept on encouraging me to try harder and do a lot of practice. Though it wasnt easy for me to understand some of the calculations, you never gave up on repeating them for me. You made me believe in myself and i learned that mathematics can be my favorite subject in school. Although you always have a busy schedule you have never turned me back when I needed your help. You also taught me that in order to excel in my studies I have to balance my efforts in all the subjects and this has helped a lot in improving my gra...

Implementing The Tax System Classification Rules - 1139 Words

On December 17, 1996, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) finalized rules that were intended to simplify the tax entity classification rules. These rules have become known as the â€Å"check-the-box† regulations. Simply put, these regulations allow an eligible entity to â€Å"check a box† that indicates the desired tax treatment the entity wishes to have. These new regulations signify what was a much needed departure from the previous classification regulations, which were vague, ambiguous, and created many disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). This simplification of the entity classification rules would make it easier for such entities to gain their desired tax treatment, which allows those entities to focus†¦show more content†¦These new rules replace the Kintner test, which will be analyzed later in this paper. To fully understand the effects that CTB rules have on entities tax rates, it is important to understand the complexities of Regulation 301.7703. Explanation of Regulation 301.7703-3 As previously mentioned, any business entity that is not required to be treated as a corporation may choose its own classification. An entity may choose to have all of the beneficial characteristics as a corporation, but to avoid double taxation, they may choose to be taxed as a partnership. An entity with two or more members can be classified either as a partnership or as an association, which is taxed as a corporation. An entity with only one member has an option to be taxed as a corporation or can choose to be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. That entity cannot choose partnership classification because a partnership, by definition, has two or more partners. A disregarded entity is a business entity with one owner that is not recognized for tax purposes as an entity separate from its owner. Therefore, the taxpayer is treated as a sole proprietorship and the individual must report all income and losses on their own tax return. Foreign business organizations are categorized by default classifications and must elect to be taxed differently on Form 8832, same as domestic entities. A foreign business entity where all owners have limited liability will be treated as a

The Cnn Effect An Exploration Of How The International...

THE ‘CNN EFFECT’: AN EXPLORATION OF HOW THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ‘DRAGGED’ AMERICA TO SOMALIA POST 1991 BACKGROUND Mass communication is the process which public messages are transmitted and are directed at large audiences with different values not found at a particular place but in different places. In the media arena globalisation refers to worldwide distribution of the same programme content and the distribution of special interest information that is aimed at a globally dispersed minority audience (Wall, 2009). The background of cable television is that its genesis was in the 1950’s whose aim was to bring conventional television signals to areas which were considered remote. With the growth of cable network and people having an opportunity to choose what they would like on their screens and receive a whole lot of new programming (Dominick, 2011). The television is one of the means that is widely used all over the world for people to find out the happenings of their surrounding and the world. The global reach of the television is undisputed. Whether there is control of the content being aired in the television or not its influence cannot be ignored. In today’s world the television disseminates all over the world issues affecting policy making, economics and culture which affects the social agenda of societies (Wall, 2009). Cable News Network which is popularly known as CNN came into being in 1980 in the United States of America. Its aim was to go liveShow MoreRelated Protecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source5213 Words   |  21 PagesProtecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source As far as one can recall the media has had a large influence over our perceptions of the world and the society in which we live. 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Effects Of Global Warming Essay Example For Students

Effects Of Global Warming Essay Global warming and the greenhouse effect are issues discussed by scientists all the time. A natural process that keeps earths temperature at a livable rate is called the greenhouse effect. The energy from the sun warms up the earth when the rays from the sun are absorbed by greenhouse gasses. The gasses then become trapped in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide are the most common greenhouse gasses. Greenhouse gases cause the radiant heat of the sun to be trapped in the Earths lower atmosphere which causes global warming. If there werent any greenhouse gasses, the earth would be really cold due to very little sun rays being absorbed on the earth. Global warming can and will lead to several problems that affect the environment in which we humans live in. These problems can lead to warmer temperatures all around the world, it can endanger animals and the wildlife, and it can lead to widespread flooding from the glaciers melting. Here are a few more fu ture effects that I will discuss in more detail about. Damage to human health, Severe stress on forests, wetlands, and other natural habitats, how fish will be affected. Global warming is a serious problem that will affect our generation when we are older. In talking about global warming, we need to learn what causes the greenhouse effect. Rays from the sun are taken up and absorbed by water vapor that is natural in the atmosphere. The United States emits the largest manmade greenhouse gases in the world. As Americans we must realize the responsibility to reduce the emissions. (Gore, Albert)Water Vapor is eighty percent of greenhouse warming. The last twenty percent results from other gases that are in very little amounts. A huge absorber of the suns heat rays is carbon dioxide. Us as humans release a lot of carbon dioxide. When fossil fuels are burned, they release big amounts of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is on the increase in our atmosphere due to car emissions. Approximately eighty percent of CO2 increases because of mans use of fossil fuels. When there is more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere the more sun rays are absorbed. In result to this happening this will cause the earth and the earths atmosphere to warm. When the earth is warming, water temperatures will start to get warmer. Oceans and lakes will get warmer in result from the carbon dioxide. When the oceans and lakes heat up, water is evaporated at a great rate causing more levels of carbon dioxide to be released in our atmosphere. Every time the temperature keeps rising, the more carbon dioxide will be released. When this process gets going, it is very hard to keep in control. Such a drastic increase in the rate of temperature increase is due to the industrial revolution. In the past 40 years, the world has seen a drastic increase in population and the use of fossil fuels (gasoline, oil, coal or natural gas). These fuels are used to run our cars, heat and cool our homes, manufacture goods in our factories and to ship goods for worldwide consumption. The focus, until lately, has been to produce maximum product at a minimum price to maximize profit. Little to no care was taken to minimize the amount of fossil fuels used in the production of goods. Recently, it has become evident that such practices lead to the production of greenhouse gases. Whenever fossil fuels are burned for energy, greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide builds up in the earths atmosphere (Union of Concerned Scientists). Another reason why greenhouse gases have increased is due to the decrease in the amount of plant life, commonly called deforestation. Plant life is the only thing known on earth to consume carbon dioxide. However, due to the need of raw materials (wood and paper pulp), industrial nations tend to cut down more trees than they can reforest (Fuller 454). Also, toxins produced as a by-product of industrialization have killed plant life. Therefore, a greater amount of carbon dioxide is being produced at the same time less carbon dioxide is being consumed, leading to dangerous consequences. The combination of pollutants and deforestation has lead to what is commonly called the Greenhouse Effect. The term Greenhouse Effect comes from the understanding that pollutants thickening the earths atmosphere keep heat trapped in the atmosphere. Thereby leading to an increase in the earths temperature, or Global Warming. Although, a increase of a few degrees over hundreds of years doesnt seem like much to some people, the variance is great enough to allow some deadly bacteria to thrive and disease to spread. Moreover, warmer temperatures can increase air and water pollution, which could harm human health. In the past few years, there has been an increasing amount of reports that correspond with these theories. Worldwide, there have been reports of cases indicating a spread of mosquito-born infectious disease, heat stroke and asthma / respiratory disease. It is believed that the 1#61616;F change in average global temperature has much to do with such harm to human health. For example, there are an increasing number of reports of mosquito-born, infectious disease in areas that have not been previously exposed. Such cases include a malaria outbreak in the summer of 1997 in the Kenyan highlands and a spread of dengue and yellow fever in the Andes Mountain of Colombia, previously limited to below 3,300 feet, is now seen as high as 5,600 feet (Union of Concerned Scientists). Many countries from Tanzania and Indonesia, to as close as Mexico, have also reported outbreaks of such infectious disease. The outbreaks are a result of an increase of temperature in areas which mosquitoes previously could not breed. The populations of these areas are also more susceptible to these diseases because the disease is foreign to their immune systems. A lack of natural enemies in such areas also allows the mosquito population to grow more quickly. The result in Kenya was the death of hundreds of people. The Dead Sea Scrolls (1545 words) EssayRodents also thrive in warm weather. In the case of unusually mild winter weather in Australia in

International Financial Markets free essay sample

This section begins the study of the international financial system by exploring the structure of the international financial markets. The two interrelated systems that comprise the international financial markets are the international capital market and the foreign exchange market. 2. INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET A capital market is a system that allocates financial resources in the form of debt and equity according to their most efficient uses. Its main purpose is to provide a mechanism to borrow or invest money efficiently. Purposes of National Capital Markets National capital markets help individuals and institutions borrow the money from lenders; intermediaries exist to facilitate financial exchanges. Commercial banks lend their investors’ deposits at a specific rate of interest and provide loans and finance import/export activities. Investment banks act as agents, introducing clients to organizations that provide investment or borrowing opportunities. 1. Role of Debt a. Debt consists of loans in which the borrower promises to repay the borrowed amount (the principal) plus a predetermined rate of interest. We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Markets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Company debt normally takes the form of bonds—debt instruments specifying the timing of principal and interest payments. b. The holder of a bond (the lender) can force the borrower into bankruptcy if payment is not made on a timely basis. Bonds to fund investments are issued by private-sector companies and by municipal, regional, and national governments. 2. Role of Equity a. Equity is part ownership of a company in which the equity holder participates with other part owners in the company’s financial gains and losses. Equity normally takes the form of stock—shares of ownership in a company’s assets that give shareholders a claim on the company’s future cash flows. b. Shareholders may be rewarded with dividends—payments made out of surplus funds—or by increases in the value of their shares. They may also suffer losses due to poor company performance—and thus decreases in the value of their shares. Dividend payments are not guaranteed, but decided by the company’s board of directors and based on financial performance. c. Shareholders can sell one stock and buy another or liquidate exchange stock for cash. Liquidity refers to the ease with which bondholders and shareholders convert investments into cash. B. Purposes of the International Capital Market The international capital market is a network of individuals, companies, financial institutions, and governments that invest and borrow across national boundaries. Large international banks gather excess cash of investors and savers around the world and then channel it to global borrowers. 1. Expanding the Money Supply for Borrowers a. Companies unable to obtain funds from investors in the domestic market seek financing in the international capital market. . Essential for firms in countries with small or developing capital markets or emerging stock markets. c. An expanded supply of money benefits small companies that might not get financing under intense competition for capital. 2. Reducing the Cost of Money for Borrowers a. An expanded money supply reduces the cost of borrowing. The â€Å"price† reflects supply and demand. Excess funds create a buyer’s market, forcing interest rates lower. b. Projects regarded as infeasible because of low expected returns might be viable at a lower financing cost. 3. Reducing Risk for Lenders a. The international capital market expands the available set of lending opportunities. Investors reduce portfolio risk by spreading their money over many debt and equity instruments. b. Investing in international securities benefits investors because some economies are growing while others are in decline. C. Forces Expanding the International Capital Market 1. Information Technology Information technology reduces the cost (in both time and money) of communicating around the globe. Electronic trading after the daily close of formal exchanges facilitates faster response times. 2. Deregulation Deregulation increases competition, lowers cost of financial transactions, and opens many national markets to global investing and borrowing. Continued growth depends on further deregulation. 3. Financial Instruments Increased competition is creating the need to develop innovative financial instruments. Securitization is the unbundling and repackaging of hard-to-trade financial assets into more liquid, negotiable, and marketable financial instruments, or securities. D. World Financial Centers Three most important financial centers are London, New York, and Tokyo. 1. Offshore Financial Centers A country or territory, whose financial sector features few regulations and few, if any, taxes. They: (1) are economically and politically stable; (2) are advanced in telecommunications; (3) offer large amounts of funding in many currencies; and (4) provide a less costly source of financing. a. Operational Centers see a great deal of financial activity (e. g. , London for currencies; Switzerland for investment capital). b. Booking Centers are usually located on a small, island nation or territory with favorable tax and/or secrecy laws. Funds pass through on their way to large operational centers. Typically are offshore branches of domestic banks used to record tax and currency exchange information. c. Both types attract attention in the expanding world of electronic commerce.   International Bond Market The international bond market consists of all bonds sold by issuing companies, governments, or other organizations outside their own countries. Buyers include medium- to large-size banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and governments. 1. Types of International Bonds a. Eurobond i. Bond issued outside the country in whose currency t is denominated (e. g. , A bond issued in Venezuela in U. S. dollars, and sold in Britain, France, and Germany). ii. Account for 75 to 80% of all international bonds because governments of countries in which they are sold. Do not regulate them. Absence of regulation reduces the cost of issuing a bond but increases its risk. b. Foreign Bond i. Sold outside the borrower’s country and denominated in the currency of the country in which it is sol d (e. g. , Yen-denominated bond issued by the German carmaker BMW in Japan’s domestic bond market). ii. Account for 20 to 25% of all international bonds. iii. Countries require issuers to meet certain regulatory requirements and disclose details about company activities, owners, and upper management. 2. Interest Rates: A Driving Force a. Borrowers from newly industrialized and developing countries borrow money from nations where interest rates are lower. b. Meanwhile, investors in developed countries buy bonds in newly industrialized and developing nations to obtain a higher return. c. Many emerging countries see the need to develop their own national markets. Volatility in the global currency market hurts projects that earn funds in those currencies and pay debts in dollars.

Ipt Hsc Essays

Ipt Hsc Essays Ipt Hsc Essay Ipt Hsc Essay Information Processes and Technology Study Notes Project Management ? Project Management is a planned and ongoing process that guides all the development tasks and resources throughout a projects development ? A Project Plan organises the project by specifying who will do the task, what has to be done, how the task is done, what resources are required, and what is to be expected ? PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES ? Active Listening: Listening to people is the main source of critical information required for a project to run smoothly. Listening is not the same as hearing; to listen requires attention and involvement ? Mirroring: Involves repeating back some of the speakers key words – indicating that you are interested and would like to know and understand more ? Paraphrasing: Listener uses their own words to explain what they think the speaker just said. The listener reflects feelings as well as meaning in their response ? Summarising: Listener confirms their understanding in the speakers mind, and hence helps to bring the conversation to an end ? Clarifying: Listener asks questions or makes statements that encourage the speaker to provide more detailed explanations ? Motivational: Encourage the speaker and reinforce in their mind that you are indeed listening and are interested in what they have to say ? Conflict Resolution: Need to manage conflict so that issues are resolved appropriately for all concerned, and in the best interests of the project ? Negotiation Skills: Negotiation should be a friendly exchange where differences are argued logically and in a reasoned manner. This can even prevent situations leading towards conflicts ? TEAM BUILDING SKILLS ? â€Å"Tuckman† Stages of Team Development: ? 1. Forming – Team members are only just getting to know each other ? 2. Storming – People are beginning to feel comfortable with each other ? 3. Norming – Team members now recognise their differences ? 4. Performing – The team is now operating as an effective, productive unit ? Team Building – building a team of two or more people with complimentary skills, behaviours and personalities who are committed to achieving a common goal ? Advantages – The people within the team are much more productive, and the systems they develop are of higher quality ? Disadvantages – Financial loss, employment loss and missed opportunities – unable to meet deadlines, produce quality work and operate within financial constraints ? PROJECT PLAN INCLUDES: ? Gantt Chart: Indicates when tasks need to be completed by ? Journal and Diary Entries: The diary is a record of appointments, events and meetings. The journal is a detailed record of what happened at each meeting, how tasks have been allocated, and when tasks are to be completed ? Funding Management Plan: Record of the scheduling and costing of tasks, and other expenses ? Communication Management Plan: Record of when meetings are to be held throughout the development of the information system ? SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES ? The work environment, including health and safety issues such as ergonomic design of furniture, appropriate lightning, and appropriate noise levels ? Security of data and information during development ? Copyright issues including who will retrain the copyrights for the new system ? Respect for the rights of needs and individual team members – such as privacy ? 1) UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM ? Systems Analyst: A person who analyses systems, determines requirements and designs new information systems ? Requirements: Features, properties or behaviours that a system must have to achieve its purpose ? Key Question 1: What are the problems with the existing system? ? Key Question 2: How does the existing system work? An understanding of the operations of the existing system must be understood ? Key Question 3: How do you identify the problems with the existing system? ? Answer to Question 3: Interview and Survey PARTICIPANTS in the existing system – They are able to identify problems and often they also have ideas in regard to solving these problems ? Answer to Question 3: Interview and Survey USERS in the existing system – Most information systems are primarily concerned with fulfilling the needs of its users, so their views and opinions on the systems are vital ? Prototype: Needs to be developed, and is produced to clarify how the system works, as well as clarify the nature of the problem, and represent how the new system may work ? After all the information has been gathered, a REQUIREMENTS REPORT is produced – A statement about the purpose/requirements of the new information system ? A requirements report includes aims and objectives of the system, and how it will HELP the organisation ? 2) MAKING DECISIONS/PLANNING ? Economic: to determine whether the system is affordable. This involves cost/benefit analysis to determine both initial costs to implement the system, and then recurring costs to maintain the system ? Operational: to determine whether a system will be usable by the target customers. The users must be able to effectively use, or to operate, the system ? Technical: to determine what hardware and software (Information Technology) is currently being used, and then to determine whether the hardware and software to build the system exists ? Scheduling: to determine the time frame in which a system must be developed. To determine whether it will be able to be completed within the specified time frame, it is useful to use project planning tools, such as Gantt Charts ? Traditional (Structured): AS the name suggests, involves very structured, step-by-step stages, which each must be completed before proceeding to the next step. – 1. Understanding the problem, 2. Planning, 3. Designing, 4. Implementing, 5. Testing, Evaluating and Maintaining ? Outsourcing: Involves using another company to develop parts of the system, or even the complete system ? Prototyping: A CIRCULAR approach to systems development, and new prototypes of the system are constantly being made in a loop before implementation: Designing Testing/Evaluating Understanding the Problem Designing†¦. The prototypes eventually evolve to a point where they become the final solution, and are essentially ready to move out of the loop, and for the next stage implementation ? Customisation: An existing system is customised to suit the needs and requirements of the new system. In reality – most business systems are customised versions of existing systems ? Participant: Means that the same people who will use and operate the final system develop the system ? Agile: An approach that places emphasis on the team developing the system rather than following a predefined structured development process ? 3) DESIGNING SOLUTIONS/DESIGNING ? Design Tools: ? System Flowcharts are a diagrammatic way or representing both the flow of data and logic through an information system [pic] ? Data Flow Diagrams describe the path data takes through a system. No logic, and no attempt is made to indicate the timing of events [pic] Context Diagrams are used to represent entire information systems [pic] ? A Data Dictionary contains a comprehensive description of each field in one of the databases associated with the information system. It commonly includes (4): field name, data type, field size, and a description of the purpose [pic] ? Storyboards give a general overview of the information system. They are used to document the screens used in a system, and the f low between them. ? Storyboards emphasise the user interface of a system rather than the functions performed by the system ? Linear Storyboard: modules are arranged in a sequence [pic] ? Hierarchical Storyboard: modules are arranged in descending levels [pic] ? Decision Tables represent all possible conditions and actions that will result |CONDITIONS |RULES |- |- |- | |Mark = 80 |Y |N |N |N | |Mark = 60 and =45 and

Change Management Essay Example for Free (#2)

Change Management Essay Essay Topic: Management , Development Many flaws can be found with the classical approach, the birth of which is widely accredited to Fredrick Taylor, in particular how employees became bitter and angry with the levels of â€Å"managerial thuggery† (Rose 1988) that Taylor promoted. There already existed high levels of worker-management conflict, and Taylors approach merely heightened the tensions that it had set out to tackle. Taylors view, and later, Henri Fayol’s view of how an organisation could be managed solely focused on the productivity of the worker and how efficiently work could be carried out. It did not take into account the morale of employees or any of their emotional needs, resulting in a workforce which became increasingly dissatisfied with their working environment. Mayo and Maslow developed an approach which was more emphasized on the management of worker morale and leadership rather than merely viewing employees as â€Å"greedy robots† (Rose 1988). This theory, which would evolve into what is known as the Human Relations approach to management, was focused on the thought that a happy and satisfied employee was a more productive employee. The classical approach to organisational management (1900-1930) emerged from the Industrial Revolution and was born out of a necessity to replace the â€Å"trial and error† approach, which was prevalent prior to this, with a more  focused and consistent approach to how an organisation should be managed. This new approach was focused on the efficiency of an organisation and in improving the performance and output of its employees. The classical approach can be divided into three main areas, scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative management. . (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Fredrick Taylor (1856-1917) viewed the management of organisations production efficiency as a science and he is accredited with being the father of scientific management. Taylors view was that there was â€Å"one best way† to perform a task and his approach focused on breaking down each task so that it could be performed in the most efficient way. His research was heavily influenced by the studies of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth(1914). While Taylor was determined to reduce the time it took to complete a task, the Gilbreths tried to reduce the number of motions taken to complete a task. Taylor’s opinion was that â€Å"_human beings are predisposed to seek the maximum reward for the minimum effort†_ _(Taylor 1911)_ and to counteract this, managers must closely supervise workers to ensure that each predefined step in a task is carried out correctly. By breaking down each work process into smaller tasks controlled by the management, the knowledge required by workers about the work process is reduced. Workers become mere â€Å"cogs† in the machine that is the organisation, and can easily be replaced, as minimum training of a replacement worker is required. This in turn increases the managements control as the workers no longer have a monopoly of knowledge about the work process and cannot use their knowledge as a bargaining tool. Taylor, like the Gilbreths, believed that in order to increase a workers’ productivity, he should be motivated by monetary rewards for the amount of work he carries out. â€Å"_When a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable ‘Why should I work hard when that lazy fellow gets the same pay that I do and does only half as much work?’ â€Å"(Taylor 1911)_ While Taylor and the Gilbreths were focused on improving the productivity of  individual workers at task level, Henri Fayol (1841-1925) with the administrative approach, was focused on efficiency at organisational level, top down as opposed to bottom up(Fayol, 1949). Fayols principles of organisation are; division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command ,unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.(Mullins,1989:201-3). Max Weber (1864-1924) developed the theory of bureaucratic management which, similarly to Fayols approach, was focused on the overall structure of an organisation. According to Weber a bureaucracy must have a number of distinct characteristics. It must have a hierarchical chain of command, where each employer is answerable to a superior, therefore power flows from the top down. Division of labour, where each task is broken down into smaller tasks, with different employees working on each separate part of the task. Each employee is selected on merit and qualification only with no bias shown to favourites. Formalised and detailed rules and regulations must be set out. The beginnings of the Human Relations approach can be traced back to studies on worker fatigue which were carried out while the scientific approach was still being established, and it is fair to say that both approaches overlap. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) expanded on these studies in the 1930’s, most notably with his Hawthorn experiments. (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Mayo did not believe that workers were only concerned by monetary rewards, but instead suggested that by having their social needs met at work they would in turn be more motivated and their performance would improve. In his experiments he divided workers into groups and studied how their productivity responded to changes in the environment such as lighting and working conditions. To his surprise the worsening working conditions did not lead to worker productivity declining, in fact productivity increased. This  led him to conclude that workers motivation was increased by better communication, as the workers were consulted with prior to, and throughout the experiments. It was also concluded that workers performed better when they were in a team, and when they were receiving greater attention from their managers. (_http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm_ ) Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) developed a management theory which is referred to as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, as shown below. (image. http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/) Maslow believed that in order for a person to concentrate on the higher needs, first his lower, more basic needs must to be satisfied. He argued that once a person’s lowest level physiological and safety needs are met; the higher level needs become more important to them. For example in a management situation the physiological needs of an employee are things like adequate lunch breaks and sufficient wages. The safety needs are met when a safe working environment is provided. Social needs are satisfied when there is a sense of community in the working environment. The esteem needs of employees are the needs for recognition from superiors for work carried out and achievements. Self Actualisation is the need of an employee to reach their full potential, this need changes, as different levels of potential are met the employee then needs to attain a higher level. .(_http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/_ _)_ Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) stated that there are basically two types of manager, one who had a negative view of his employees and the other who had a more positive view. In his concept he called the negative view Theory X, and the positive one Theory Y. Theory X assumes that employees do not like work, and a threat of punishment is required to ensure that they perform to required standards. It is also of the assumption that workers do not have  any ambition and will avoid responsibility; they are primarily interested in security. Theory X could be used to describe the Classical approaches to management. Theory Y managers on the other hand take the human relations approach and assume that work is natural to people and can be a source of satisfaction to them. Theory Y managers believe that workers will seek responsibility and are motivated to meet goals. McGregor believed that managers who adapted the Theory X approach created an environment where workers were only motivated by financial or material gain, whereas Theory Y managers created a workplace where employees were more responsible and more willing to contribute. McGregor came to the conclusion that organisations needed to adapt the approach set out in Theory Y, which is essentially the human relations approach_._ For the purpose of this essay extensive research was carried out on the approaches that modern industries take regarding management. Information gathered from an interview with an employee of ESB Ireland, an electricity supplier which is one of the largest employers in Ireland, gave a unique insight into how this particular organisation continues to put into effect many facets of the human relations approach. Eoghan, who is employed as an electrical engineer, provided documentation and described how at the beginning of each year all employees have a one to one meeting with their manager to discuss and agree upon goals which they then attempt to achieve throughout the year. The employee is provided with guidance from their manager regarding the work processes on a continuous basis. The diagram shown below, which is taken from the ESB’s performance and development document, illustrates how formal and informal communication between manager and employee is seen as essential and is maintained throughout the year. _(Performance and Development Document ESB 2014)_ Coaching is also provided on a one to one basis with employees when it is  required. _†Coaching is a proven means, carried out in a confidential manner, by which more individual potential can be unlocked to achieve higher levels of career and business performance†_ _(ESB Performance and Development Document 2014)_ Through researching a case study carried out on building materials group CRH, similar approaches to performance management were identified. The CRH approach to performance management is broken down into three areas which are almost identical to those taken at ESB, these are; planning, coaching and reviewing. As is the case at ESB the work processes are carefully structured and discussed with the employee in the planning stage. Coaching is also carried out for each employee’s specific needs which in turn increases knowledge and improves communication. In the review stage each employee is assessed individually and given the opportunity to respond to feedback. _†Self-assessment, collection of information, appraisal and a review meeting all drive performance improvement†_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_10/crh_10th_ed.pdf)_ CRH are of the view that it is essential that employees are capable of working on their own initiative or as part of a team, as they state in their candidate requirements that candidates must have; _†Ability to work on own initiative and as part of a team_ _Ability to analyse situations and develop innovative solutions_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ It’s understood that the most important asset of any organisation is its employees, and trying to retain the services of these employees. The classical approach to management does not take this into account and instead is solely concerned with increasing productivity and extracting the maximum labour from its workers. It can be argued that the classical approach increases productivity and raises the output of each employee; however, in the long run it does not lead to a satisfied and contented workforce. This approach is dated when it comes to the fast paced business environment that exists today. In most modern workplaces it is essential that workers are capable of working on their own initiative and making important decisions themselves, the classical approach to management does nothing to promote or nurture these skills, and in fact it discourages them. The classical school of thought is that there is â€Å"one best way† for all organisations to be structured and operate _(Burnes. 2004)_, however, as established through this research, the approach that ESB takes disproves this theory, as each employee is treated as an individual and encouraged to provide opinion on how the work process should be structured and best performed. The meetings and one to one contact with managers gives the employee a clear understanding of what is expected of him and improves communication between the employee and management, which is one of the core aspects of the Human Relations Approach. These initial meetings as well as the guidance which is provided throughout year to the employee by ESB management is clearly influenced by Mayo’s conclusions following the Hawthorn experiments that employee morale and performance increased with better communication and prior consultation to the work process. _(Burnes. 2004)._ The coaching sessions which are provided at ESB help to improve skills and self-confidence in employees as well as providing management with the assurance that their workers are competent and performing to a high  standard. This type of approach to coaching and continuous improvement and learning is in direct contrast to the ideals of the Classical Approach, and particularly to Fredrick Taylors. Taylor believed in reducing employee’s knowledge about the work process rather than encouraging learning and understanding. By reducing the workers knowledge he believed that management had a greater control over their employee’s (_Burnes. Managing Change)._ The view taken by ESB is completely different, as they believe that the more skilled and confident that an employee becomes, the greater an asset to the organisation he will be. By providing training and coaching to employees ESB are investing in human capital, which means the more skilled an employee becomes the greater his economic value is to ESB_._ _(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/humancapital.asp)_ There is a quote from CRH that appears in the case study which was researched which proves that their organisation embodies almost every aspect of the Human Relations approach; _†The challenge for CRH is to be a Group that attracts and retains people_ _not just because it is an industry leader but also because it provides a_ _culture and working environment which creates opportunities for all_ _employees to grow personally and professionally.†_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ Tesco.http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/developing-appropriate-leadership-styles/leadership-styles.html#axzz3JGcBkQ5Y http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol14-issue6/A01460105.pdf?id=7380 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/frederick-taylor-theories-principles-contributions-to-management.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1911taylor.asp http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/ http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/ _http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf_ Change Management. 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